[ 馬乾龍 ]——(2010-4-21) / 已閱51189次
論我國(guó)未成年人犯罪刑罰制度之重構(gòu)
馬乾龍
中文摘要
當(dāng)前未成年人犯罪形勢(shì)的不斷惡化趨勢(shì)引起了世界各國(guó)的廣泛關(guān)注與重視，相關(guān)人士紛紛從心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、法律學(xué)等多門(mén)學(xué)科剖析研究未成年人犯罪的原因，以力圖尋求遏制未成年人犯罪的有效對(duì)策，維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序的穩(wěn)定和和諧。
縱觀我國(guó)刑事法律可以得知我國(guó)的未成年人犯罪是指已滿(mǎn)14周歲不滿(mǎn)18周歲的具有刑事責(zé)任能力的未成年人實(shí)施的違法刑事法律具有嚴(yán)重社會(huì)危害性的依法應(yīng)當(dāng)受到刑事處罰的行為。由于我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的未成年人犯罪刑罰制度是在成年犯罪人刑罰體系基礎(chǔ)上稍作修改而構(gòu)建的，在適用于未成年犯罪人時(shí)存在某些弊端，如在刑種的設(shè)置上只是排除了死刑對(duì)未成年犯的適用，但對(duì)于無(wú)期徒刑、管制等其他和主刑和附加刑未作任何調(diào)整，在適用主體方面絕對(duì)排除了14周歲以下未成年人的刑事責(zé)任；在刑罰裁量方面，對(duì)于從寬處罰幅度以及情形尚無(wú)明確規(guī)定，同時(shí)未排除累犯對(duì)未成年犯罪人的適用；在刑罰的執(zhí)行方面，無(wú)論是減刑還是假釋都規(guī)定了與成年犯適用的相同條件，且非刑罰處罰措施單一死板。總體而言，其無(wú)論從刑罰的設(shè)置，還是裁量以及執(zhí)行方面，都過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)刑罰的強(qiáng)制性與嚴(yán)厲性，片面追求刑罰打擊犯罪的目的，忽視了對(duì)未成年犯罪人的人權(quán)保護(hù)。
本文在研究未成年犯罪概念和未成年人犯罪刑罰制度的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合未成年人身心的特殊性，提出未成年人犯罪刑罰制度價(jià)值取向應(yīng)杜絕一味追求懲罰的刑罰價(jià)值，而應(yīng)以教育、改造為主。在緊密聯(lián)系刑法的基本原則和分析刑罰的最終目的前提下，深入剖析當(dāng)前世界刑事立法趨勢(shì)，立足保障人權(quán)、維護(hù)未成年犯的合法權(quán)益，極力倡導(dǎo)刑罰輕緩化，主張對(duì)現(xiàn)行未成年犯罪人刑罰制度從刑種的適用、刑罰適用主體的范圍、刑罰裁量以及刑罰的執(zhí)行等方面著手予以調(diào)整，建立與未成年犯罪人相適應(yīng)的刑罰體系，有限制地適用無(wú)期徒刑，完善管制刑的相關(guān)規(guī)定，禁止拘役刑的適用，擴(kuò)大罰金刑的適用范圍。同時(shí)擴(kuò)大刑罰的廣度，有限度規(guī)定年滿(mǎn)12—14周歲的未成年人刑事責(zé)任。實(shí)行前科消滅制度。反思刑罰執(zhí)行方面的相關(guān)規(guī)定，靈活放寬未成年犯在適用假釋和減刑時(shí)的條件，鼓勵(lì)未成年犯改過(guò)自新，早日走上社會(huì)。針對(duì)現(xiàn)行非刑罰處置措施單一，可操作性不強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，設(shè)置相配套的多種非刑罰處置措施，借助多種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)“懲罰、教育、改造”未成年的目的，以有效打擊與遏制犯罪，維護(hù)未成年犯罪人的身心健康，保障人權(quán)，促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧局面的穩(wěn)定形成。
關(guān)鍵詞：未成年人犯罪；未成年人犯罪刑罰制度；刑罰功能；前科消滅；刑罰寬緩化
Abstract
As the minor crime situation worsing, many countries pay more attention on it,the related public figure from the psychology, the sociology, the jurisprudence and so on many discipline analyses the reason of the minor crime in abundance, try to seek the effective remedy of it,in order to maintain the society stability and harmonious.
Looking over the criminal activity law in our country,the minor crime is refered to that people who reaches 14 years old but less than 18 year-old has the criminal capacity minor do behavior that is criminal and serious damage the society. Because of the present minor crime penalty system is maked by the grown-up perpetrator penalty system foundation with slightly revise, it has certain malpractices is not suitable in the underage perpetrator.for example,only removed the death penalty in the establishment which the punishment planted to juvenile prisoner's being suitable, regarding the life imprisonment, the control and other principal penalty have not maked any adjustment;it has removed the people who is only 14 year old of below minor's legal responsibilities absolutely out of the suitable body;on the aspect of penalty, it still does not regard the lenient punishment scope as well as the situation stipulated explicitly, simultaneously it has not removed the accumulative offense to underage perpetrator's being suitable;carrying out the penalty with regardless of sentence and parole,it has stipulated the same condition as the grown-up commit', and the non-penalty punishing solely stodgy.Overall,regardless of the penalty's establishment, the deliberation and the carring out,it overemphasizes compulsory and severe of the penalty, pursues to crack down on the crime one-sidedly the goal,and neglects the underage perpetrator's human rights protection.
In order to study the concept of the underage crime and the penalty system's foundation of the minor crime, this article proposes the value of the penalty systems orientation educating the transformation primarily by unifing the minor body and mind the particularity,and belive the purpose premise should move downwards. Intense the base contacting corporal punishment's and ultimateness analysing a penalty, analyse the current criminal world legislation trend in depth , base self on guarantee human rights , the lawful rights and interests defending a juvenile prisoner , do one's utmost to propose that the penalty is gently slow melt, advocate committing a crime to immaturity currently in effect person penalty system applies to the main body range from kinds of punishment applying to , penalty , the penalty cuts aspect such as amounts and Carrying out the punishment set about giving adjustment,building the penalty system which is suitable for adapts ,restricting the life imprisonment of field suitable f , perfecting the regulation controlling punishment , applying to take punishment into custody, applicability expanding fine punishment's.Simultaneously ,expanding penalty's breadth, limiting the stipulated age to 12-14 year-old minor legal responsibility.,Implementing the criminal record to eliminate the system.Rethinking the punishment aspect relevance to regulation profoundly, relaxing the juvenile prisoner dure the period of applying to a conditional release and reducing the penalty sentence by , encouraging juvenile prisoner turn over a new leaf ,and walking up society soon.Dealing with the penalty specifical ly for mistake currently effect unitary, laking of operatability for a characteristic by force , interposing variety assorting , supporting from various way realizing "punishment with the purpose of reform and education to strike and keep within limits to commit a crime, defend an immaturity committing a for the crime people's physically and mentally healthy , guarant the human rights , and boost harmonious aspect of society stability.
Key words:the minor crime; the system of minor crime; penalty function; the elimination of criminal record; penalty leisure.
目錄
導(dǎo)論 7
第一章 未成年人犯罪刑罰制度概述 8
一、未成年人刑罰制度的內(nèi)涵 9
（一）未成年犯罪的概念 9
（二）未成年人犯罪刑罰制度的定義 10
（三）未成年人犯罪刑罰制度的淵源與發(fā)展 11
二、未成年人犯罪刑罰制度的功能 12
（一）刑罰功能與目的 12
（二）未成年人犯罪刑罰制度功能的轉(zhuǎn)變 13
第二章 我國(guó)未成年人犯罪刑罰制度之反思 14
一、我國(guó)未成年人犯罪刑罰制度制刑現(xiàn)狀之剖析 15
（一）明確規(guī)定對(duì)未成年犯罪人不予適用死刑 15
（二）刑罰制度適用對(duì)象為已滿(mǎn)14周歲的未成年人 15
二、我國(guó)未成年人犯罪刑罰制度量刑現(xiàn)狀之分析 16
（一）從寬處罰原則可操作性不強(qiáng) 16
（二）量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較具體明確 16
（三）累犯效力適用于未成年犯罪人 17
三、我國(guó)未成年人犯罪刑罰制度行刑現(xiàn)狀之評(píng)析 18
（一）緩刑制度適用條件苛刻 18
（二）免刑制度存在立法空白 19
（三）減刑與假釋未予放寬適用 19
（四）非刑罰處置措施單一 19
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